Should Bush Attack Iraq :: essays research papers

Should Bush Attack Iraq?Nuclear weapons, terrorist bombings, these terms might be heard on our home front of us the United States of something isnt done. By done I mean attacking Saddam Hussein, his armies in Iraq, and whatever other country harboring terrorist. This is why a military plan, released this past Friday, is just what this country needs for fending off terrorism and stopping the production of weapons of mass destruction, specially in Iraq. Eliminating the former strategies, by means of inspections and the passing of new UN rules must be changed. Using military and also diplomatic techniques, as outlined in the United States new strategy, is the new means of dealing with Iraq. There are still some politics and new war strategies to be developed and hone before the new, more aggressive, plan should take place. President Bush is doing exactly what he should. He is taking time to overlook the idea and make for certain that more forceful action against Iraq is what is nee ded and that the new ideas wont upset our allies or unfairly target innocent Iraqi citizens. low the Leadership of Bill Clinton, the United States has faced Iraq and Suddam Hussein. This encounter was called the Gulf War. In the war, our goal was to drive out Iraqi military from Kuwait rather than to go directly after the power that Saddam had. The United States was successful in driving out Iraqi military from Kuwait, exactly didnt continue to tag Saddam militarily. Instead, laws were created through the United Nations that would require weapons inspections to occur frequently. These inspections would be carried out by U.N. officials throughout Iraq. Over the last 11 years, Saddam has continued to balk resolutions made to contain his military. Since then Saddams military has increased in both troops, and weapons. It was a mistake to let Saddam go the first gear time and only pursue him with weapons checks and restrictions. If Bushs new strategy is put into action Saddam will b e under control. Bushs 33 page report, which is titled The national Security Strategy for the United States of America, outlines a contemplation of a military strike against Iraq, And plans to target Saddam. Along with the National Security report, Bush received a detailed plan put together by Gen. Tommy Franks, head of the U.S. Central Command. The plan is a battle scenario, but has variables not yet disclosed, that the president can look further into and possibly change.

Psychological Manipulation in 1984 Essay -- George Orwell

Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell, is a superb novel with come out of the closetstanding themes. One of the most prominent themes establish in this novel is psychological manipulation. Citizens in this society are subject to ever present signs declaring BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU (Orwell 1). Along with psychological manipulation, strong-arm control takes place. The Party not only controls what people in Oceania think, but what they do as well. Technology is another important theme. Without the constant telescreens, microphones, and computers, the Party would be every last(predicate) but powerless. Big Brother is the main figure of the Party. The main symbol that drives these themes is the telescreens. It is representative of the party always watching and controlling everyone at all times. Psychological manipulation the Party uses on the citizens is one of the first themes Orwell exposes in this dystopian society. The Party maintains this manipulation by constantly overwhelmi ng citizens with useless learning and propaganda. And when memory failed and written records were falsifiedwhen that happened, the claim of the Party to have improved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did not exist, and never again could exist, any normal against which it could be tested. (Orwell 82) Winston Smith, the protagonist, is having a frustrating conversation with an old man about life to begin with the Revolution. He figures out that the Party has purposely set out to weaken the peoples memories in order to make them unable to challenge what the Party claims about the present. If there is no one who remembers life before the Revolution, then no one can say that the Party has failed. In reality, the Party has failed by forcing people to... ...of Nineteen Eighty-Four are not tone ending to be forgotten any time soon. Psychological manipulation is quite possibly the most realistic of the themes. In conjunction with psychological manipula tion is physical control. The Party is a totalitarian government and controls every aspect of life. Technology is yet another important theme. Technology is what gives the Party their power and influence. Big Brother, the symbol, as well as the telescreens are motifs that help drive the main conflict.Works CitedKnapp, John V. Nineteen Eighty-Four Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. Carl Rollyson. Hackensack NJ capital of Oregon Press Inc, 2000. 2451-2452.Magill, Frank N. Ed. Nineteen Eighty-Four Masterpieces of World Literature. New York NY Harper Collins Publishers, 1989. 582-585.Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York NY Penguin Books Inc., 1977.

Macbeth: A Noble and Highly Respected Figure In Ducans Reign :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth A Noble and Highly Respected Figure In Ducans Reign  Macbeth was a noble and extremely respected figure in mightiness Duncans reign.  Helived a brave and honest life, serving the King and his country against slimy.The Tragedy of Macbeth occurred when the weird sisters met Macbeth for the firsttime.  An evil mind took over Macbeth, and he was doomed to the witchesprophesies until his death. Macbeth was a General of the Kings army, and served the King with honor anddignity.  After success in the battle against the Thane of Cawdor, which wasMacbeths final serving for King Duncan, Banquo and he met with the King.Banquo was commended, and To make thee full of growing. - Noble Banquo (Act 1Scene 4) but Macbeth was given all the credit, and titled My worthy Cawdor(Act 1 Scene 4), Thane of Cawdor for his service.  It was during this scene,where Duncan announced Malcom as his future successor, that Macbeths thoughtsbecame evil obsessions.  A power was t aking over him, his own flaw from evil,brought about by the weird sisters.  Stars, hide your fires, Let not the comesee my black and deep desires.  (Act 1 Scene 4). Macbeths flaw is highly influenced by his wife, Lady Macbeth, who has wickedthoughts, and persuades Macbeth into many actions he would not normally do. completely look up clear To alter favour ever is to fear.  Leave all the rest to me(Act 1 Scene 5) shows her strength over Macbeth. As Macbeth prepares to annihilate Duncan, he hallucinates, and many thoughts cross hismind, but when the bell sounds, Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell Thatsummons thee to heaven or to hell.  (Act 2 Scene 2) and Macbeth acts promptly.After the off Macbeth regrets his actions, but again Lady Macbeth isinfluential toward him, reminding his that These deeds must not be thoughtAfter these ways so, it will make us mad.  (Act 2 Scene 2). Macbeths true self again break through when he has false thoughts about hisactions.  Had I but died an hour before this knock I had lived a blessed timefor, from this instant, Theres nothing serious in mortality.  All is but toysrenown and grace is dead, The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees Is leavethis vault to brag of.  (Act 2 Scene 4).  All the confusion surrounding Macbethhas prompted him to make some errors.  He did not place the daggers on theguards after the murders, and indeed before anybody was able to talk to the

Discussion in terms of Fayol’s Managerial Functions Essay -- Business

Discussion in terms of Fayols Managerial FunctionsHenri Fayol proposed that all managers act five managementfunctions.1- Planning, 2- Organizing, 3- Commanding, 4- Coordinating, 5-Controlling.Most management books still continue to be organized around themanagement functions, Although they have been condensed down to basicand very consequential functions.1- PlanningThe planning functions involves the process of defining goals,establishing strategies for achieving these goals, and developingplans to integrate and coordinate activities.Our instructor also defines or goals which is standard education andsuccessfulness in the exams, tally to this concern he establishthe ways and strategies that how can we perform well in our exams.2- OrganizingManagers are also responsible for arranging work to accomplish the shapings goals. This function is called Organizing. It involvesthe process of determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do,how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whome, and wheredecisions are to be made.3- LeadingWhen managers motivate subordinates, influence individuals or teams asthey work, select the intimately effective communication channel, or deal inany way with employee behavior issues, the are leading..Our instructor leading us by motivating through his moral support, heuse best channels to teach us, he polish our attitude by using hisgood behavioural skills.4- ControllingManagement function that involves monitoring actual performance,comparing actual to standard, and taking action, if necessary.Our instructor controlling his class by monitoring the students, he confine discipline, even threats students if necessary. Discussion in terms of Mintizbergs Managerial rolesHenry Mintzberg, a prominent management researcher says that whatmanagers do can best be described by looking at the roles the play atworks. Mintzberg Developed a categorization scheme for defining whatmanagers do. He concluded that managers perform hug drug (10) diff erent buthighly interrelated roles.The managerial Roles.1- Interpersonal1- Figurehead2- Leader3- LiaisonProvide information2- Informational1. Monitor2. Disseminator3. spokesperson serve well information3- Decisional1. Entrepreneur2. Disturbance handler3. Resource... ... they seldom actually say it, and they never writeit down. And the main employment of numbties world-wide is in creatingproject specifications. You must hold up this - and protect your teamaccordingly.9. Becoming a Great Manager.The first steps to becoming a really great manager are simply prevalentsense but common sense is not very common. This article suggests somecommon-sense ideas on the subject of great management.Skills changes according to Management LevelThe result to which managers perform the functions of management -planning, organizing, directing, and controlling - varies by level inthe management hierarchy.A manager is someone skilled in knowing how to analyze and remediate theability of an organizat ion to survive and grow in a complex andchanging world. This means that managers have a set of tools thatenable them to grasp the complexness of the organizations environment.1- Most of the first line managers time is allocated to the functions of directing and controlling.2- Middle management implements top management goals3- In contrast, top managers spend most of their time on the functions of planning and organizing.

Economic Policy in Downtown Development :: essays research papers fc

When the Heers Tower closed down in the 1960s, the downtown area of Springfield, MO. lost a major scotch and entertaining element. Since then, Springfield has been planning and working to get back a lot of the status that it once had. The city government had to dumbfound attractions and business in the form of new businesss to spur development to accommodate the 151,580 citizens that reside in the small city. Mayor tomcat Carlson and City Manager Tom Finnie have been heading the projects with the help of large developing firms such as the UDA or Urban District Alliance, and hope that projects such as the redevelopment of Heers Tower, SMSUs Innovation center, and College Station will add not only attractions for the mass of people flooding into Springfield each year, but also bring in hundreds of new jobs to boost the economy and help support a growing society. Over the next couple of pages an analysis of the current and future projects, as well as the non-quantitative benefits an d effects on the surrounding conjunction will be looked at to further explain why the project is on the communitys agenda.Tom Carlson calls the development of the downtown area, the Center City. It will be a city within a city. Not to long ago though Springfield was in a slump, after the huge factories of Zenith and GE went out of business, the only other major factory was Kraft. During the 1950s, These companies employed thousands of workers and once they were out of the visualize the economy started to level out. The opportunity to have the Center City, started in the 1980s when sub-divisions around Springfield and surrounding towns, such as Nixa and Ozark, started booming. Since then, developers such as outhouse Q. Hammons and new faces like Vaughn Post have sparked projects that have created a substantial buzz across the state. The developers took the idea of a new downtown and ran with it, using task advantages such as state and historic taxation credits, property tax abat ement, gap financing and loanwords up to $40,000 to make facade improvements. Also, a low- interest loan program, using Community Development Block Grant Funds, has provided help for many business people. Since 1997, about $125 million has been invested in Center City.All of these tax breaks and policies have led to some astonishing developments in employment and economic gains.

The Patriot Act: Trampling on the Bill of Rights Essay -- US Constitut

Several weeks after the horrible terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools inevitable to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act was rushed through Congress by Attorney General, John Ashcroft. This particular Act, however, was established with a vox populi hand of fear. Life for Americans changed dramatically in those immediate days, weeks, and months after the attack. America had been spoiled with luxury for so long, that the illusion of control had ingrained itself into our very disposition as Americans. That act of terror, on September 11, 2001, brought that belief crashing down, almost immediately. Fear and anger were rampant though out America a dangerous gang when it comes to charging out a Congressional bill. The scariest parts of The USA PATRIOT ACT, in my opinion, are not just the arguably unconstitutional sections proposed in the Act, but the measure and expedition of legislation . To propose a bill that remained indifferent in regards to sacrificing civil liberties for the sake of enhanced security. The Bill was voted in with near unanimity, 98-1 in the Senate and 357-66 in the tin of Representatives near after. Considering the margins of the votes, it take holds one wonder if anyone in Congress even bothered to read the bill. Perhaps a good portion of our legislators were fearful to look unpatriotic, by objecting a radical bill dubbed The USA PATRIOT Act. As an old phrase goes, the nail that stands-out, gets hammered. The congressional legislative process is supposed to be deliberately slow ensuring that what is proposed is in fact constitutional. One of the more serious issues with the USA PATRIOT Act, is the ambiguity of crucia... ...e of the United States. Congressional acts with the means to side-step The Bill of Rights should be amend to protect any rights in question, no matter the current state of affairs. Arguments such as this paper ar e a crucial means to formulating a variety of perspective. Regardless of a persons stance on The USA PATRIOT Act, we must take a look back into our history, and make sure we are honoring those who sacrificed so much more than we, for the civil liberties we have been afforded. Americans cannot allow fear to dictate the policies of our country, and should never allow our Congress or President use a National tragedy to proper un-amended, controversial policies. This is the United States of America, we can do better. Where the people fear the judicature you have tyranny. Where the government fears the people you have liberty. (John Basil Barnhill 1914)

The Patriot Act: Trampling on the Bill of Rights Essay -- US Constitut

Several weeks after the horrible terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act was rushed through Congress by Attorney General, John Ashcroft. This particular Act, however, was set up with a ruling hand of fear. Life for Americans changed dramatically in those immediate days, weeks, and months after the attack. America had been spoiled with luxury for so long, that the illusion of control had innate itself into our very nature as Americans. That act of terror, on September 11, 2001, brought that belief crashing down, almost immediately. Fear and anger were rampant though out America a dangerous combination when it comes to charging out a Congressional bill. The scariest parts of The USA PATRIOT ACT, in my opinion, are not just the arguably unconstitutional sections proposed in the Act, but the timing and expedition of legislation. To propose a bill that remained indifferent in regards to sacrificing civil liberties for the sake of enhanced security. The woodpecker was voted in with near unanimity, 98-1 in the Senate and 357-66 in the House of Representatives near after. Considering the margins of the votes, it makes one wonder if anyone in Congress even bothered to read the bill. Perhaps a good portion of our legislators were shocking to project unpatriotic, by objecting a radical bill dubbed The USA PATRIOT Act. As an old phrase goes, the nail that stands-out, gets hammered. The congressional legislative process is suppositious to be deliberately slow ensuring that what is proposed is in fact constitutional. One of the more serious issues with the USA PATRIOT Act, is the ambiguity of crucia... ...e of the United States. Congressional acts with the means to side-step The Bill of Rights should be amended to protect any rights in question, no matter the current state of affairs. Arguments such as this paper are a pivotal means to formulating a variety of perspective. Regardless of a persons stance on The USA PATRIOT Act, we must take a look back into our history, and make sure we are honoring those who sacrificed so much more than we, for the civil liberties we have been afforded. Americans cannot go away fear to dictate the policies of our country, and should never allow our Congress or President use a National tragedy to proper un-amended, controversial policies. This is the United States of America, we can do better. Where the people fear the administration you have tyranny. Where the government fears the people you have liberty. (John Basil Barnhill 1914)

Mandatory Testing Needed for Elderly Drivers Essay

In July of 2003, an eighty-four year old man drove through a crowded farmers market in Santa Monica, California, killing ten people, including a seven-month old and a three-year old. He also injured around forty others. According to many discussion reports, the driver app arntly panicked and hit the gas instead of the brake, speeding through the crowded street. This mistake is common among elderly drivers who no longer cause the necessary skills to safely operate a vehicle. Either their vision has become poor, they are no longer able to react quickly, or their cognitive abilities look at begun to deteriorate. Some older drivers do not realize they are becoming grave on the road, while others simply do not want to feed in up their keys. Still others are perfectly capable of driving safely well into their eighties or even nineties. Because of the variation in driving abilities and the full(prenominal) incidence of fatal accidents among older drivers, states need to ensure the sa fety of our streets and high manners by passing laws requiring motorists over the long time of seventy to pass habitual road and vision tests.Although many people agree that elderly drivers are a high-risk fester concourse, some critics of mandatory testing call it a form of age discrimination. This statement, however, is entirely untrue. Mandatory testing and frequent license reincarnateal are not products of age discrimination, but rather precautionary measures to ensure the safety of twain the driver and all others on the road, much like the laws governing teenage drivers. Teen drivers cause to a greater extent fatal accidents than any other age group therefore, states have legislation specific to that group of drivers. Those laws, though age specific, are not criticized as discrimination, and laws geared toward senior drivers should not be considered discriminatory either. patriarchal drivers are right behind teens in the number of fatal crashes they cause, and statistics show that per licensed driver, the rate of fatal crashes rises sharply at age seventy. According to the topic Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2001, elderly drivers made up just over ten percent of the driving population, yet accounted for thirteen percent of all fatal accidents. Also, about half of fatal accidents involving older drivers occurred at intersections, and seventy-three percent involved another vehicle.These facts show that many elderly drivers nonplus both themselves and others at risk by driving when they are no longer able to do so safely. If frequent mandatory testing were required, unsafe elderly drivers would no longer be licensed to be on the road. It is the responsibility of each state to take measures to decrease the number of fatal accidents caused by high-risk groups, and mandatory testing is just such a measure. Many states focus heavily on teenage drivers, raising the minimum driving age or instituting graduated license systems, but statistics s how that equal attention needs to be given to elderly drivers.Some states have already instituted frequent renewals and/or mandatory vision and driving tests. In Iowa and Rhode Island, for instance, drivers age seventy and older are required to renew their licenses every two years, as opposed to the five years for all other drivers. In Illinois, drivers over seventy-five have to take a road test at each renewal. In Maine, drivers over the age of sixty-two have to pass a vision test at each renewal, and drivers over sixty-five are required to renew more often. By impartressing not save the high-risk teen drivers, but also the high-risk elderly drivers, these states are providing others with an example of what steps can be taken to make our nations roads safer. Granted, frequent license renewals and optometry visits can be costly and timeconsuming. But, these problems can be easily addressed. One way to counteract the costs -seniors would incur would be to discount the rate of seni or licenses and to have an -optometrist onsite to provide quick vision screenings.That way, seniors are not paying more for their license than any other driver, and they do not have to pay for an optometry visit each time they renew. They would still have to receive comprehensive optometric exams on their own time, but not at the requirement of the licensing office. Also, in addition to hiring an optometrist, license offices can make minor adjustments to their normal operations to help -cut rump on the wait-time for seniors. For example, there could be a senior day on which all -drivers over age seventy automatically get to go to the drive of the line. Another issue that elderly drivers could face if mandatory testing laws were enacted would be finding adequate transportation after they no longer have a valid license. Like the above issues, this problem can be easily addressed.City buses and taxi companies can offer significant discounts for senior citizens. Also, cities can add m ore bus routes and bus stops, making sure seniors have easy access to public transportation. Local governments or nonprofit organizations can initiate confederacy service programs in which licensed drivers with good driving records volunteer to drive senior citizens to and from work, medical visits, the grocery store, or any other location they whitethorn need to visit. Families can also pitch in to see that their parents or grandparents are still able to get around after they are no longer licensed to drive.Drivers should be licensed for as long as they are safe and able, but states must strive to make sure that besides safe and able drivers are on the road. It is sometimes hard to identify who is and who isnt safe, which is why road and vision tests are used. High-risk groups need superfluous laws, and this includes elderly drivers. I know as well as everybody else that there are many seniors who are great drivers, just as there are teens who are great drivers, but there are al so many in each of these age groups who are not. States need to make sure that only the capable drivers in high-risk age groups are on the road. In most states, strict laws are already in place for teenagers, but not for elderly drivers. Now is the time for every state to institute mandatory road and vision tests for drivers over age seventy, before any more uncalled-for accidents happen.

Albedo in urban and rural temperature settings

Albedo can be defined as the ratio of the amount of light that a ceratin body reflects and the amount that it absorbs (Encarta, 2008). For example, a body that rates an albedo of 0. 3 can be construed to reflect mainstay 30 percent of the light that falls on it, while absorbing the other 70 percent of the light (Encarta, 2008). The name albedo is derived from the Latin term albus, or simply white (Dagmar Budikova, 2008).When the object hit with the sun reflects keystone most of the sunlight, it is said to have a highschool albedo ratio ( internal acquisition Foundation, 2006). If the surface that is it by the sunlight abosrbs or takes in most of the light, it is said to have a abject albedo (Science, 2006). Urban settings usually have low albedo since most of the light is absorbed by the alterations made by man of the natural landscape (Christopher Small). In rural settings, the presence of abundant botany (Small).The plant life absorbs most of the suns light to start the pro cess of photosynthesis necessary for the propagation of plants (Small). This cannot be wholly said for the urban setting, as the plant blanket in the urban areas is small compared to the rural environment (Small). But the presence of plant life in the urban setting does have an impact on the air quality and the health of those living in the urban areas (Christopher Small & Roberta Balstad Miller).It is assumed therefore that a host of physical characteristics determine the albedo of a certain body (Encarta, 2008). The moon, for example, has a low albedo rating because of its rough terrain, taking in most of the sunlight that hit it (Encarta, 2008). Venus, on the other hand, reflects back a high degree of the sunlight that it take in, thus could be said to possess a high albedo rating (Encarta, 2008). As state earlier, the presence of plant life in an urban setting does affect the albedo rating of the area (Small & Miller).In the New York City area, for example, there is a comming le of low and albedo ratings (Small & Miller). This is due to the presence of trees in the area that are conducive to the build-up of dust and ozone in the specific location (Small & Miller). Research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found out the the asphalt used in smoothing out parking lots and roads, and dark-colored shingles and concrete had a high absorption capacity of sunlight than the rural areas surrounding the urban areas (Krishna Ramanujan, 2007).This would result in a higher temperature in the cities (Ramanujan, 2007). References Budikova, D. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http//www. eoearth. org/article/Albedo Miller, R. B. , Small, C. (n. d. ). spaciotemporal monitoring of urban vegetation. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http//www. ldeo. columbia. edu/small/PDF/ISRSE_SmallMiller. pdf. MSN Encarta. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761587643/Albedo. htmlNational Sci ence Foundation. (2006). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http//www. arcticice. org/albedo. htm Ramanujan, K. (2007). Scientists take big steps to measure sunlight reflected by Earth. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http//www. nasa. gov/ imaging/earth/lookingatearth/albedo. html Small, C. (n. d. ). Global analysis of urban population distributions and the physical environment. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http//www. ldeo. columbia. edu/small/Urban/SmallUrbEnv2001. pdf.

Freudian Allegory Lord of the Flies Essay

The way a person behaves can be study by psychoanalysis showing that there is a structural model of spirit this model was created by Freud. There argon three parts of personality Id which contains primitive instincts, Superego which contains the conscience and self-importance which maintains a balance. The Id is based on the principle of self pleasure and has no regard for the consequence their deportions may have on others. The Superego is very moral and in visualise of what is right and what is wrong. The Ego is based on the principle of reality and is able to have emergencys and desires exactly in like manner considers others in their decisions. In the novel, The Lord of the Flies by William Golding, these parts of the personality are delineate by the three main characters and it shows that the contrast in their personalities and the wishing of an authoritative ego leads to the breakdown of civilization.Jack, Ralph, and gluttonous all represent this Freudian model and it is the conflict amid these behaviors that causes the breakdown. The part of the personality known as the Id is represented primarily by Jack. This part of the personality allows for the basic needs of a person to be met but all actions are very primitive and are not morally correct. Jack is focused on instant triumph and does not seem to be very concerned about long edge survival or being rescued. Superego, another part of the personality, is represented by loutish. This part represents the conscience and the moral part of all human beings.Piggy is ordinarily able to remind some of the boys what is right and what is wrong. The final part of the personality is known as the Ego and is considered to be the balance between the other cardinal boys. Ralph is the way of the Ego in this novel. This part of the personality understands that being impulsive can inevitably be harmful. Ralph sees the reality of the situation that they are in but is in any case able to think on a realist ic level to try and meet the needs of the boys. Since he is the Ego, he is able to gain control over the boys and he makes his stance known when he says Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages (Golding 46). Like the Ego, Ralph thinks realistically and wants everyone to think before they act so no rash actions occur and theirchance of surviving and being rescued is higher.Ralph gains control of the boys on the island in the beginning of the novel, because of this he is made trusty for dealing with their survival and well being. One of the main things that he cares about for their survival is the building of shelters and he makes this clear when he says If it rains like when we dropped in well need shelters all right (52). Ralph would like to swim and hunt but he knows that building a shelter would be more beneficial to their survival. He also says that the fire is the most important thing on the island (80) and doesnt believe that they can be rescued by luc k if they do not happen the fire going . The fire is also a symbol of how the boys were still civilized. As the fire starts to go out, the boys snuff it less civilized and start to become more primitive, like the Id personality type. Ralph begins to lose his antecedent as he and all the other boys start to become more irrational. Even though Ralph is the representation of the Ego, he allowed the Id personality to take over him, The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering (116), when he attacked Simon.When Ralph begins to lose his control, Jack becomes the leader of they boys. With the Id being in control, there is no authoritative ego and the civilization on the island begins to break down. Jack is only concerned about power and instant gratification he doesnt timbre anything for other people and feels only a need to hunt and nothing else. He causes constant disorder on the island by tempting the rest of the boys with the hook of meat and hunting while throwing survival an d the chance of being rescued aside. His desire for power is overwhelming and he has no accord for Ralphs authority. When Piggy is killed, Jack says to Ralph Thats what youll get I meant that There isnt a tribe for you anymore The conch is gone- (181). He feels nothing when Piggy is he killed and would do anything for the power he obtains. Once the conch is destroyed and the boys begin to become uncivilized, the Id becomes the prominent personality type.Piggy tries to stand up for the rules that he was taught to believe in and to the Id as the Superego. Piggy sees the conch as order on the island and believes it should be respected, he shows this when he says I got the conchYou let me speak (42). When the boys let the fire go out of control, he makes an apparent movement to tell everyone that they were wrong for letting that happen and that they also let one of the little uns get away. He constantly challenges the Id and tries to stand up for what he believes to be right. The balan ce between his ideas and Jacks also helped to keep the island stable but when Piggy was killed, the Id becomes dominant and the boys begin to lose control.With Ralph being the balance between Jack and Piggy, he is identified as the leader when the boys first arrive on the island but as time passes the boys begin to become more uncivilized. The drop of a real authoritative figure or an adult figure causes the boys to lean more towards the Id. When this happens, the boys begin to follow Jack because he offers instant gratification in the form of hunting and meat. Jack seems to be able to do anything for his power. Jacks resistance to morals and control lead to Piggys death and the destruction of the conch. When Piggy dies, there no longer is a Superego on the island and the balance between them is broken. Ralph is not dominant enough as an Ego to keep the island civilized. This allows Jack and the Id to take control of the boys and the island, and this causes the breakdown of civiliz ation.

Analyse Obamas Speech Back to School Essay

Essay Barack Obamas speech Back to SchoolA good instruction is important for the society. If you perk up a good education, you can point in out of p all overty and break the social heritage and thereby help yourself and the society. This is some of the things Barack Obama enters in his speech. The speech was given at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia on September the 8th in 2009. The sender is Barrack Obama the president of the United States of America. He gives the speech to school-age childs in connection with the beginning of the new tame year. The intention with the speech is to attain the students to take responsibility for their education, themself and take school seriously. The Presidents message to the students is that a good education is as important for their induce emerging as for the future of the nation.The speech is composed in a classic way First comes the opening. Hello bothone hows everybody doing today?(P.1 l.1) Here Obama already tries to get at the same level as his audience, despite his status. thusly he tells some background informations about his own childhood and schooling. Then all the argumentation comes and he makes it legislate what the point of the speech is. At the end he sums up the main points, and makes the importance of an education quite clear for the students. This construction makes it really easy to follow and understand the speech and this is very impotent, when he is addressing the speech to younger people. All along Obama dont mouth academically he is really trying to reach the young audience. Obama makes good use of the classic Appeal form in his speech. He uses among other ethos that feature with his presidency gives reliability. Pathos he use, when he gives examples from his or Michelle Obamas own childhood. Such as in line 76-78 Neither of her parents had gone to college, and they didnt reserve much. unless they giveed hard, and she worked hard, so that she could go to the best schools i n this country. He appeals to their feelings by saying that she came from hard conditions, but despite this she did well. It is the good example he gives.On page 3-4, he gives examples of a girl who could not speak English, when she started school. And a boy with brain cancer, and a girl that grew up in one of the toughest neighborhoods. But because they fought for what they wanted, they managed well. He tries through the good examples to say that you can break the social heritage and that everything is possible. Obama uses logos during the entire speech as he appeals to common finger with his audience. Like when he in line 49 says that You cant drop out of school and just drop into a good job. Youve got to work for it and train for it and learn for it. When he says that you must have an education to get a good job and that you have to work for it. This is already something people come, he just confirms it Throughout the entire speech he repeats two words again and again in the be ginning of a sentence I know and I expect . He use I know when he is referring to his own life a pathos speech construction. He use I expect when he use logos and this gives his words more substance, because you get really foc employ on the things that are repeated. So those two examples are used to get the audience to really understand his messages and what he expects. But also that he have been in the same place as them, so he knows their feelings.Obama is in his speech talking a lot about responsibility. He is talking about, that teachers, parents and the government have a responsibility to support and help the students to get an education. But it will not make a difference, for as he says, you as a student do not take responsibility, for your own education. With this he puts a lot of pressure on each student and this does not help when he in line 166 says dont permit us down- dont let your family or your country or yourself down. There is a lot of pressure in this because he nearly gives them the responsibility for an entire country. He encourages them however by saying that Every single one of you has something youre good at (l.36). And, that no matter what goal they set themselves in life, they must work hard for it, because not everybody succeeds on the first try. This he supports by giving examples of famous people like JK Rowling and Michael Jordan who have failed many times before they succeed. He uses a quote by Jordan in line 130 I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. He recognizes that some people have it worse than others because of their financial status, their looks or ethnicity, but Thats no excuse for not trying (line 86-87) a value typical for Americans.Obama is also talking about the American dream, which is based on the idea that you can create your own happiness and future, captured in line 89Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future. Like the American frontiers f rom the early 20th century, where every man had a dream about starting a new and better life. Obamas intention with this speech has been to convince and motivate the students to stay in school and work hard for an education, because this is so important for their future. The intentions have also been to encourage the students to take action, take school seriously and take responsibility for their education. By using different rhetorical techniques such as repetition, appealing to the emotional, using a line of questions and leveling himself with the audience, he achieves some very convincing arguments. He is addressing himself to his young audience with empathy, and reveals his own story to them which helps making the distance between him and his audience smaller.I think Obama has made a fantastic and inspiring speech. A speech that is extremely well composed to the audience, using ethos, pathos and logos in a brilliant way, securing that his messages and the mission with his speech comes out in a very motivating way, even today I also believe that Obama is very well aware that his speech is public and not only for the student audience, in the way that he appeals to all, the students, parents, the government and the entire nation.

Berkshire Hathaway

Berkshire Hatha focal point Overview Before Warren Edward sideboardt, Berkshire Hathaway was a textile fede proportionalityn. tabulator acquired stocks and before long he was the largest sh atomic number 18holder (1963). He became part of the board and appointed the chairwoman so he would have someone he trusted playactning the company. With the funds from Berkshire Hathaway coming in, Buffett used it to invest in National Indemnity. The company was bought just now he left it the way it was left previous Ringwalt in charge, kept current employees, shareholder benefits and so on.Insurance companies are a perfect way to bond a lot of capital up front because you can then use this money to purchase some other companies or stocks, like what Buffet did. Buffet was involved with several companies and bought GEICO(Jayanti), General Re and other manufacturing and service companies. Today Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest holding companies in America. It owns variant companies from retail to jewelry to voltaic companies. These companies run separate from Berkshire Hathaway.It does not produce the goods or provide the services but serves as an umbrella that owns shares or the whole of the companies that are underneath it. many of these companies were purchased by the companys many insurance options. Big names include GEICO, Borsheim, PacifiCorp and Vanity Fair. (Jayanti). Porter Five-Force Model Porters Five-Forces Model of diligence contender pertains to the threat of new entrants, the bargaining force of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products and services, and the intensity of tilt among competitors in an persistence.These five forces can countersink the top of a market. In the case of Berkshire Hathaway there is a low threat of new entrants for the multi-businesses in one industry. It is significantly sound to own dissimilar different companies, have them operate to full potential and still remain a leader on the industry board. Although competitors cannot directly compete with Berkshire Hathaway, they still fill a nice chunk from its potential market.As a matter a fact, there are tho two direct competitors in the industry that are above Berkshire Hathaway, it is Motors Liquidation Co and Ford Motor Co. As more self-made businesses(which is what Warren Buffett likes to acquire) open challenger is created through price, increase in advertisement, and suppliers. This competition benefits buyers by giving them more options or bargaining power in where they choose to shop. For Instance like what happened to Berkshires textile business, after a tour competition increased prices dropped and textile had simply became another commodity.So as you can see from the example, this affects Berkshire directly because of their higher quality products but exchange premium prices makes it hard to compete with low cost leaders. This takes valuable time and effort away from internal operations becau se in cases like these the opposition has to be forever and a day analyzed. Consequently, if neither competitor decreases their prices to a consumers expectation this may result in the consumers going to the suppliers directly once again giving the bargaining power to the buyer.As far as bargaining power to the suppliers, they wouldnt really have any edge in increasing their prices or power unless it is a incomparable resource and demand is high. Substitutes on the other hand, limit the potential returns of an industry by putting a ceiling on the prices industries can productively charge. Finally, the only reason why rivalry is intense is because when you have large companies like Motors Liquidation, Ford and Berkshire rivalry heats up and everyone fights for the number one spot, and usually does any(prenominal) it takes to liquidate it.The rivalry forces a constant close monitoring of competitors, which entails unnecessary excessive expenditure. For example, they would have to ask and analyze questions such as, where are they opening their stores? argon they victimisation the same criteria in choosing locations? How much are they charging for similar products? And can we compete with their price? In Summary, Berkshire needs to be aware that intensive rivalry leave behind increase costs, such as constantly competing with prices, having to offer bargains which will lead to high exit barriers.In the end if the company is doing everything right and it is stress on their company and how to improve it then it is a win-win situation because the biggest edge any company has is that NO TWO FIRM ARE EXACTLY THE SAME. pulverization digest Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of business activities. Co. s key businesses are its insurance businesses, which are conducted on a primary and reinsurance basis. Co. s insurance businesses provide insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks world-wide and also reinsu re life, accident and health risks world-wide. At Dec 31 2008, Co. s insurance and reinsurance activities were conducted through about 60 domestic and foreign-based insurance entities. Co. also owns and operates other businesses, including utilities and energy businesses, manufacturing, service and retailing, as rise up as finance and fiscal products businesses. (mergent online, business synopsis) Strengths Weaknesses Top management reputation & leadership Over dependence on Warren Buffetts leadership Strong capital position and transcendent fiscal ratings Slower growth in certain investments (Coke, P, Shaw industries) Diversified portfolio ranging from property and casualty insurance andDiversification McLane accounts for al more or less 1/3 of Berkshires reinsurance, utilities, energy, finance, manufacturing, services and revenues and 1/3 of McLanes business is tied to one single company retailing (Wal-Mart) Strong and consistent top and bottom line growth Companys stoc k untracked to most people Integrated Insurance Operations Volatile Investment Portfolio Distinct Business Strategy Declining Investment Returns Funding Resources Decline in profitability transformation of Businesses Opportunities Threats Acquisitions given current market conditions the company has Financial & economic markets turmoil identified areas of investment (ie Goldman Sachs) Potential capital requirement changes both in the US and Europe Alternative energy investments Worldwide weak consumer environment Favorable Phase for Life and Annuity Market Unstable Political Conditions in accredited Regions Growing MidAmerican Business Identity Governmental Investigations Opportunity for Acquisitions Competition in the Insurance Industry Impact of Economic Slowdown Industry plaza and misadventure Insurance ? Through its 51 subsidiary companies, it engages primarily in insuring and reinsuring property and casualty risks business. Berkshire H athaway, Inc is a publicly owned investment manager. It invests in the unite States and Canadas public equity markets. Competition Berkshire Hathaways top competitors, based on its insurance businesses are ? The Blackstone Group L. P. (BX) a company with subsidiaries as well that was founded in 1985 and is headquartered in New York. ? HM Capital Partners LLC (Pvt1) is a privately held company with diversified investments primed(p) in Dallas, Texas. ? KKR & Co. L. P. (Pvt2), also a privately held company located in New York, New York. DIRECT COMPETITOR COMPARISON ? ? BRK-A BX Pvt1 Pvt2 Industry Market Cap 158. 43B 3. 90B N/A N/A 885. 31M Employees 246,000 1,340 N/A N/A 718 Qtrly Rev Growth (yoy) -1. 60% 14. 80% N/A N/A 2. 0% Revenue (ttm) 104. 91B -320. 00M N/A N/A 808. 84M Gross Margin (ttm) 11. 6% N/A N/A N/A 18. 38% EBITDA (ttm) 7. 06B -4. 3B N/A N/A 40. 44M Oper Margins (ttm) 3. 86% 1,375. 92% N /A N/A 16. 0% Net Income (ttm) 2. 94B -1. 15B N/A N/A N/A EPS (ttm) 1893. 645 -4. 48 N/A N/A 0. 95 P/E (ttm) 53. 94 N/A N/A N/A 13. 6 PEG (5 yr expected) 4. 14 2. 82 N/A N/A 0. 97 P/S (ttm) 1. 9 N/A N/A N/A 0. 94 Company Financials Balance Sheet (in the thousands) from 2006 2008 organic Assets 248,427,000273,160,000267,399,000 intact Liabilities 137,756,000149,759,000153,820,000 Total Stockholders Equity 108,419,000120,733,000109,267,000 The retained earnings were at a loss 58,912,00072,153,00078,172,000Assets and Liabilities has separate sections for Insurance & other businesses, Utilities & energy, and finance & financial products Income Statement (in the thousands) from 2006 2008 Income Statement has separate sections for Insurance & other businesses, Utilities & energy, and Finance & financial products. Total Revenues 98,539,000118,245,000107,786,000 Total Costs and Expenses 81,761,00098,084,000100,212,000 Earnings before Income Taxes 16,778,00020,161,0007,574,000 Net earnings (loss) 11,015,00013,213,0004,994,000 Total number of Stockholders 19,10018,50018,100 Common Stockholders are split into 2 groups word form A and class B Class A Stockholders 5,1004,6004,200 Class B Stockholders 14,00013,90013,900 Earnings per Share (at a loss) 7,1448,5483,224Statement of bills preys (in the thousands) from 2006 2008 Cash from finances has separate sections for Insurance & other businesses, Utilities & energy, and Finance & financial products. Net Cash from Operations 10,195,00012,550,00011,252,000 Net Cash from Investments (14,077,000)(13,428,000)(32,066,000) Net Cash from Finances 2,607,0001,366,0002,286,000 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the social class 45,018,00043,743,00044,329,000 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 43,743,00044,329,00025,539,000 Financial Ratios from 2006 2008 Profitability Ratios200620072008 Return on Assets 4. 93%5. 07%1. 84% Return on Equity11. 02%11. 53%4. 33% Loss Ratio61. 28%71. 72%70. 91%Debt Management Debt to Equity Ratio0. 290. 270. 34 Asset Management Asset overthrow0. 440. 450. 4 Property, Plant, and Equipment Turnover 4. 833. 42. 64 Cash & Cash Equivalents Turnover 2. 232. 693. 08 Industry/Market comparison data from 2008 CompanyIndustry MedianMarket Medium Net profit margin2. 37%5. 53% cost/Sales ratio1. 483. 416. 55 Price/Earnings ratio62. 50(11. 98)23. 81 Price/Book ratio1. 521. 466. 30 Price/Cash Flow ratio12. 4724. 9440. 65 12-Month EPS growth(62. 3%)(50. 0%) 36-Month EPS growth(16. 5%)(14. 7%) Bibiliography Source Berkshire Hathaway pda file from Harvard Business School Mergent Online Hoovers OnlineBerkshire HathawayBerkshire Hathaway Overview Before Warren Edward Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway was a textile company. Buffet acquired stocks and before long he was the largest shareholder (1963). He became part of the board and appointed the chairman so he would have someone he trusted running the company. Wit h the funds from Berkshire Hathaway coming in, Buffett used it to invest in National Indemnity. The company was bought but he left it the way it was left previous Ringwalt in charge, kept current employees, shareholder benefits and so on.Insurance companies are a perfect way to get a lot of capital up front because you can then use this money to purchase other companies or stocks, like what Buffet did. Buffet was involved with several companies and bought GEICO(Jayanti), General Re and other manufacturing and service companies. Today Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest holding companies in America. It owns different companies from retail to jewelry to electric companies. These companies run separate from Berkshire Hathaway.It does not produce the goods or provide the services but serves as an umbrella that owns shares or the whole of the companies that are underneath it. Many of these companies were purchased by the companys many insurance options. Big names include GEICO, Bors heim, PacifiCorp and Vanity Fair. (Jayanti). Porter Five-Force Model Porters Five-Forces Model of Industry Competition pertains to the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products and services, and the intensity of rivalry among competitors in an industry.These five forces can determine the stature of a market. In the case of Berkshire Hathaway there is a low threat of new entrants for the multi-businesses in one industry. It is significantly hard to own various different companies, have them operate to full potential and still remain a leader on the industry board. Although competitors cannot directly compete with Berkshire Hathaway, they still take a nice chunk from its potential market.As a matter a fact, there are only two direct competitors in the industry that are above Berkshire Hathaway, it is Motors Liquidation Co and Ford Motor Co. As more self-made businesses(which is what Warren Buffett likes to acquire) open competition is created through price, increase in advertisement, and suppliers. This competition benefits buyers by giving them more options or bargaining power in where they choose to shop. For Instance like what happened to Berkshires textile business, after a while competition increased prices dropped and textile had simply became another commodity.So as you can see from the example, this affects Berkshire directly because of their higher quality products but premium prices makes it hard to compete with low cost leaders. This takes valuable time and effort away from internal operations because in cases like these the opposition has to be constantly analyzed. Consequently, if neither competitor decreases their prices to a consumers expectation this may result in the consumers going to the suppliers directly once again giving the bargaining power to the buyer.As far as bargaining power to the suppliers, they wouldnt really have any edge in increasing their prices or power unless it is a scarce resource and demand is high. Substitutes on the other hand, limit the potential returns of an industry by putting a ceiling on the prices industries can profitably charge. Finally, the only reason why rivalry is intense is because when you have large companies like Motors Liquidation, Ford and Berkshire rivalry heats up and everyone fights for the number one spot, and usually does whatever it takes to get it.The rivalry forces a constant close monitoring of competitors, which entails unnecessary excessive expenditure. For example, they would have to ask and analyze questions such as, where are they opening their stores? Are they using the same criteria in choosing locations? How much are they charging for similar products? And can we compete with their price? In Summary, Berkshire needs to be aware that intensive rivalry will increase costs, such as constantly competing with prices, having to offer bargains which will lead to high exit barriers.In the end if the company is doing everything right and it is focusing on their company and how to improve it then it is a win-win situation because the biggest edge any company has is that NO TWO FIRM ARE EXACTLY THE SAME. SWOT Analysis Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of business activities. Co. s key businesses are its insurance businesses, which are conducted on a primary and reinsurance basis. Co. s insurance businesses provide insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks world-wide and also reinsure life, accident and health risks world-wide. At Dec 31 2008, Co. s insurance and reinsurance activities were conducted through about 60 domestic and foreign-based insurance entities. Co. also owns and operates other businesses, including utilities and energy businesses, manufacturing, service and retailing, as well as finance and financial products businesses. (mergent online, business synopsis) Strengths Weaknesses Top managemen t reputation & leadership Over dependence on Warren Buffetts leadership Strong capital position and superior financial ratings Slower growth in certain investments (Coke, P, Shaw industries) Diversified portfolio ranging from property and casualty insurance andDiversification McLane accounts for almost 1/3 of Berkshires reinsurance, utilities, energy, finance, manufacturing, services and revenues and 1/3 of McLanes business is tied to one single company retailing (Wal-Mart) Strong and consistent top and bottom line growth Companys stock inaccessible to most people Integrated Insurance Operations Volatile Investment Portfolio Distinct Business Strategy Declining Investment Returns Funding Resources Decline in Profitability Diversity of Businesses Opportunities Threats Acquisitions given current market conditions the company has Financial & economic markets turmoil identified areas of investment (ie Goldman Sachs) Potential capital requirement chang es both in the US and Europe Alternative energy investments Worldwide weak consumer environment Favorable Phase for Life and Annuity Market Unstable Political Conditions in Certain Regions Growing MidAmerican Business Identity Governmental Investigations Opportunity for Acquisitions Competition in the Insurance Industry Impact of Economic Slowdown Industry Property and Casualty Insurance ? Through its 51 subsidiary companies, it engages primarily in insuring and reinsuring property and casualty risks business. Berkshire Hathaway, Inc is a publicly owned investment manager. It invests in the United States and Canadas public equity markets. Competition Berkshire Hathaways top competitors, based on its insurance businesses are ? The Blackstone Group L. P. (BX) a company with subsidiaries as well that was founded in 1985 and is headquartered in New York. ? HM Capital Partners LLC (Pvt1) is a privately held company with diversified investments located in Dallas, Texas. ? KKR & Co. L. P. (Pvt2), also a privately held company located in New York, New York. DIRECT COMPETITOR COMPARISON ? ? BRK-A BX Pvt1 Pvt2 Industry Market Cap 158. 43B 3. 90B N/A N/A 885. 31M Employees 246,000 1,340 N/A N/A 718 Qtrly Rev Growth (yoy) -1. 60% 14. 80% N/A N/A 2. 0% Revenue (ttm) 104. 91B -320. 00M N/A N/A 808. 84M Gross Margin (ttm) 11. 6% N/A N/A N/A 18. 38% EBITDA (ttm) 7. 06B -4. 3B N/A N/A 40. 44M Oper Margins (ttm) 3. 86% 1,375. 92% N/A N/A 16. 0% Net Income (ttm) 2. 94B -1. 15B N/A N/A N/A EPS (ttm) 1893. 645 -4. 48 N/A N/A 0. 95 P/E (ttm) 53. 94 N/A N/A N/A 13. 6 PEG (5 yr expected) 4. 14 2. 82 N/A N/A 0. 97 P/S (ttm) 1. 9 N/A N/A N/A 0. 94 Company Financials Balance Sheet (in the thousands) from 2006 2008 Total Assets 248,427,000273,160,000267,399,000 Total Liabilities 137,756,000149,759,000153,820,000 Total Stockholders Equit y 108,419,000120,733,000109,267,000 The retained earnings were at a loss 58,912,00072,153,00078,172,000Assets and Liabilities has separate sections for Insurance & other businesses, Utilities & energy, and Finance & financial products Income Statement (in the thousands) from 2006 2008 Income Statement has separate sections for Insurance & other businesses, Utilities & energy, and Finance & financial products. Total Revenues 98,539,000118,245,000107,786,000 Total Costs and Expenses 81,761,00098,084,000100,212,000 Earnings before Income Taxes 16,778,00020,161,0007,574,000 Net earnings (loss) 11,015,00013,213,0004,994,000 Total number of Stockholders 19,10018,50018,100 Common Stockholders are split into 2 groups class A and class B Class A Stockholders 5,1004,6004,200 Class B Stockholders 14,00013,90013,900 Earnings per Share (at a loss) 7,1448,5483,224Statement of Cash Flows (in the thousands) from 2006 2008 Cash from finances has separate sections for Insurance & other businesses, Utilities & energy, and Finance & financial products. Net Cash from Operations 10,195,00012,550,00011,252,000 Net Cash from Investments (14,077,000)(13,428,000)(32,066,000) Net Cash from Finances 2,607,0001,366,0002,286,000 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 45,018,00043,743,00044,329,000 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 43,743,00044,329,00025,539,000 Financial Ratios from 2006 2008 Profitability Ratios200620072008 Return on Assets 4. 93%5. 07%1. 84% Return on Equity11. 02%11. 53%4. 33% Loss Ratio61. 28%71. 72%70. 91%Debt Management Debt to Equity Ratio0. 290. 270. 34 Asset Management Asset Turnover0. 440. 450. 4 Property, Plant, and Equipment Turnover 4. 833. 42. 64 Cash & Cash Equivalents Turnover 2. 232. 693. 08 Industry/Market comparison data from 2008 CompanyIndustry MedianMarket Medium Net profit margin2. 37%5. 53% Price/Sales ratio1. 483. 416. 55 Price/Earnings ratio62. 50(11. 98)23. 81 Price/Book ratio1. 521. 466. 30 Price/Cash Flow ratio 12. 4724. 9440. 65 12-Month EPS growth(62. 3%)(50. 0%) 36-Month EPS growth(16. 5%)(14. 7%) Bibiliography Source Berkshire Hathaway pda file from Harvard Business School Mergent Online Hoovers Online

Compromise Essay

Prior to the 1820s, the people of the united States had been struggling to take a chance a way to solve their sectioned tensions brought on by hard workerry in the south. The south had always had an economy based on agriculture that could not strive without their uses of slavery. They did not plan on ending slavery anytime soon, especially since it was really all they had to support themselves. They were against establishing an industrial based economy like the north had began to do in the 1820-1830s.The real exploit of the sectional tensions between the North and the South during the 1820s-1860s was not slavery itself, tho how it affected each society so differently, and it was very challenging to find a compromise to suit both sides. Taking a step back, the political compromises that were created during 1820-1861 were not effective towards reducing sectional tensions across the nation. scratch line in 1819, there was an equal balance of slave and separated states in the U nited States. Until Missouri wanted to be admitted into the Union as a slave state, go away the slave states at 12 and the free states at 11.If scarce Missouri was admitted into the United States, it would move slavery farther more into the Northern section of the United States, which is what Northern reformers were afraid of. The debate on adding Missouri as a slave state continued to inspire violent petitions in the North. Until later that year, enthalpy Clay submitted the Missouri compromise, which stated that Missouri would be added as a slave state along with Maine as a free state, to keep the proportion of free and slave states equal.The Northern boundary of slavery was set at 36?30? and this compromise would keep the argument over slavery settled for a few years. One day in the Supreme appeal, a case was brought in called the Dred Scott v. Stanford. Dred Scott and his master had lived in the Wisconsin free territory of the United states, which is wherefore Dred Scott was trying to gain his freedom. The Supreme Court began with the ruling that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court excessively ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. And lastly, the Court declared that the rights of slave-owners were constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment because slaves were bought by owners, labeling them as property. In the North, antislavery supporters were outraged by the outcome of the Dred Scott case, strengthening the newly submitted Republican Party and helping ignite the violence between slave-owners and abolitionists on the frontier. The Missouri compromise was declared unconstitutional under the laws made in the Dred Scott v. Stanford Supreme Court Case in 1857.The case gave Northerners a reason to fear Southern slave power. It left the nation indecisive on the actions it should take to replenish the nation of what it needs to settle the sectional tensions in which were causing our country to fall apart. With the change magnitude sectional tensions left untouched after the Missouri Compromise, California wants in as a free state. Again, Henry Clay suggests an idea to keep from the point of another uprising like the one after the Missouri Compromise. The Compromise of 1850 had something to gainer for the North and the South.The Compromise would allow California to become a free state, as a benefit for the North. It would also ban the selling of slaves in Washington D. C. , another benefit to the North. To make the south happy, it strengthened fugitive slave laws and settled the organizational details of the territories gained in the war with Mexico. New Mexico and Utah would be decided by frequent sovereignty. The Fugitive Slave law became an publish in the North because they did not want to support any form of slavery no matter what. The nation did not want to settle.Each side mentation that the ad vantages for the opposing side in the Compromise of 1850 were better than their own advantages. They were not willing to compromise. Northerners felt that this Compromise should strictly be astir(predicate) the territories, not about slave laws, and that is what led to the failure of the Compromise of 1850. Neither side was willing to settle for what the compromise had to offer. It sparked more sectional tensions across the nation than ever before. Starting with a new debate, the next step that the United States needed to take was to choose a way newly added states would be decided as slave or free.When Kansas and atomic number 10 asked to join as states, the decision was to allow the two states to decide for themselves whether they wanted to allow slavery or not, although these territories were above the 36?30? line. By the early 1850s, settlers wanted to move into the free area which is now known as Nebraska. The Confederate states representatives in Congress were in no pelt a long to permit a Nebraska territory because the land lay north of the 3630 parallel, which is where slavery had been outlawed by the Missouri Compromise of 1820.The Kansas- Nebraska Act was possibly the most important razet leading up to the civil war and was proposed by Stephan Douglas. He proposed that Nebraska should be made into a territory and to win support from the south he proposed the issue of another southern state, which would be Kansas. He would be able to build a transcontinental railroad that would be able to go through Chicago. The Kansas- Nebraska Act allowed each territory to decide the issue of slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. Kansas with slavery would go against the Missouri Compromise, which had sewed the Union together for more than 30 years.The Missouri compromise was eventually repealed by the Kansas- Nebraska Act and even though the opposition was of the majority, the bill passed in May of 1854. Territory north of the 3630 line was now open to po pular sovereignty, which set off the North. Also, every compromise has an effect politically, especially the Kansas- Nebraska Act. This act split the Whig party since every Northern Whig opposed the bill and almost every southern Whig voted for it. With the issue of slaver on everybody mind, the two new separate parties could never agree.The southern Whigs had become the Democratic Party and the Northern Whigs became the Republican Party, with Abraham Lincoln as a big influence. The Kansas- Nebraska Act had a very negative effect on the sectional tensions for it split the Whig party into the northern Republicans and the Southern Democrats. It also made the people of the north and south angrier than ever before. This would be the last compromise that they didnt completely retaliate against each other during, due to their sectional tensions. Even after all of their attempts of compromise, none of them gave each section enough for them to settle with.It only caused the nation to grow f urther and further apart and it only increased their sectional tensions to a point where something needed to be done before the union fell apart completely and a Civil struggle would begin. Unfortunately, Lincoln decided that he could not risk this Union crumbling, and was forced to go to war with what are now known as the Confederates. The political compromises did anything but reduce the sectional tensions during the years of 1820-1861 because in the end, they caused our nation to disband, and a Civil War to begin.

The Army As A Profession

The passy is a great vocation were many individuals come to spawnher and key out the impossible happen. This institution has to overcome much obstructions indeed most(prenominal) average career paths forget way out you. The only way these thing stupefy happened and go away continue to happen is by means of see to it, attractorship, educate and mentorship. The phalanx is always changing at a fast rate of speed and without these elements the profession of build up testament fall apart. After over a decade of struggle the spendy is changing once again and as members of this profession its our duty to strive to be the best not only for the agile goals that for the long term future of the ground forces. at that place are billboards, signs, commercials all over the reckonry portraying the phalanx as a great profession. Most civilians from all(prenominal) walk of life see something they crapper count on, lack to be like when they grow up, or protect them when danger is knocking on our admission step. The comprehension the community use up of the army affects the future of this grand organization in ways much(prenominal) as who would be the next generation of passs that would volunteer to how soldiers are treated by the rest of the plenty he/she has sacrifices so much for.The Army is a profession first and foremost. The unique thing or so the army is that it takes extra skills to be a professional. Not only do you have to know your phone line, be tactically proficient, only also continue the path of professional growth through and through civilian pedagogy or training to raise your knowledge in the world near you. It is the responsibility of every attraction and soldier to strive for the summarize soldier concept. With all of the frequent and multiple deployments at that place have been assed stresses to the soldiers families and communities.Because of the war at that place are many who feel that the standards within the army have fallen from what they once were. unless the motility what has happened to this profession and what do we do to correct it. To acquire the total soldier concept, thither has to be an agreement of what it is to be a real professional and fulfill the duties they raised their right hand and vowed to do. In consecrate for the army to grow as a profession of arms and confine a commanding prosperous on it needs discipline, corpusership, training and mentorship. All of these things play a role in the total soldier concept.As the army changes with the times no longer is the total soldier concept just encyclopedism your MOS being good at PT, and qualify with a weapon. Now if you dont strive to amend your ego with commandment and schools you provide not be subject to progress with promotion and then you will have to get out the army. In order for the Army to grow as a profession of arms and keep it image positive, in that location are some key areas every soldier has to work on to strain the total soldier concept. Discipline, leadership, training, mentorship must stay continuous in the work environment as w fixturesome as off duty.Soldiers must also remain resilient when it comes to the mission and be adequate to(p) to adapt. any soldier no matter what stage in there career should be on the job(p) to reform themselves in these key areas. Discipline is the building block for a soldier. Without it there would be no extend or organization within any unit echelon. Discipline is where the whole army seems to be travel short. General George S. Patton, Jr. stated Discipline is based on pride in the profession of Arms, on meticulous attention to details, and on mutual respect and confidence.Discipline must be a riding habit so engrained that it is stronger than the excitement of battle or the fear of death. If the Army has discipline issues it will in tress have problems as a profession. Discipline has to be ingrained into the new soldiers from day one they sum total the army, simply with all the changes the Army has taken a troop of the authority had been taken away from the instructors to helper add the necessary discipline levels needed in the army. The army is not a normal career. There may be doctors and layers within the ranks simply they are all soldiers first.Soldiers are put in extreme situations that most career paths would not put you through. So it is imperative that the initial training is a through as it can be. Discipline doesnt stop at initial training in fact the more discipline is needed the longer a soldier is in the army. The military is expected to be tougher, stronger, cursorily to react, physically fit individuals. But it all starts from the beginning transition from civilian to soldier with the go after through training to be disciplined as a soldier moves forward in his or her career.As discipline is the building block for a soldier, a soldiers leadership are the tools employ to ac hieve the building of the blocks. If a soldier doesnt have a good leader how can that soldier ever develop to his full potential? Leaders train mentor motivate and lead soldiers on a daily basis. They need to be competent in not only there job but in soldiering as well. They need to be avid problem solvers and enginutive on how to finish the mission safely and in a timely manner. They should hold an atmosphere of authority around them and there subordinates should be able to trust and respect them.A lot of the newer leadership has not been around for a place army and may or may not be familiar with a lot of the cortices that the Army has strayed away from in the last decade due to the war. With all the constant deployments the main think was on war time missions some of the total solder concept has been lost. As a turn out there are many Non-Commissioned Officers that are not as proficient as they should be. Being able to go to war isnt the only thing an NCO has to be able to be . training and mentoring is a never oddment process.There is always something new to learn. There is always someone around who can teach a soldier no matter what the rank on a soldiers chest mogul me. In this specific profession soldiers wont only be trained on their specific MOSs or combat skills but on moral and ethical issues as well to improve the soldiers consciousness of how to come the job asked of them and how to present themselves. Again unlike other professions when this uniform is dawned the soldiers stops representing his or her self but now represents the Army and the United States of America.The Army is slowing down on its deployments so the counsel on training has shifted and there are many who need to pay attention and learn so they will continue to be a valuable to the military. The Army is as fluid as a 5 and the soldiers in it need to be as fluid as well. It should be the goal of every soldier to mentor those who are below them to help create a better army, and to find a tramp model to mentor them so they can achieve the higher levels they are striving for.As a hole the Army has succeeded in accomplishing all of its missions and tackled the obstacles it comes up against. So this is just one more obstacle to overcome. making things less stressful and more relaxed will make things worse for solders in general. Discipline has to be oblige to keep control of the mission and to prepare the Army for any future missions it comes up against. Training how we agitate and how to present ourselves is the responsibility of every soldier.A leader mentors a subordinate and a senior leader mentors the leader so on and so forth so that there is always an endless speech rhythm of encyclopaedism and bring the Army into a greater profession. The Army is a career many people will never try and those that do are asked to give more than most other professions, but the divergency is the soldiers on this profession represent something much greater than their job. They represent America and as a profession every effort has to be taken to keep America from becoming something other then great.The Army As A ProfessionThe Army is a great profession were many individuals come together and make the impossible happen. This institution has to overcome more obstacles then most average career paths will take you. The only way these thing have happened and will continue to happen is through discipline, leadership, training and mentorship. The army is always changing at a fast rate of speed and without these elements the profession of arms will fall apart. After over a decade of war the army is changing again and as members of this profession its our duty to strive to be the best not only for the immediate goals but for the long term future of the Army.There are billboards, signs, commercials all over the country portraying the Army as a great profession. Most civilians from every walk of life see something they can count on, want to be like when they grow up, or protect them when danger is knocking on our door step. The perception the people have of the army affects the future of this grand organization in ways such as who would be the next generation of soldiers that would volunteer to how soldiers are treated by the rest of the people he/she has sacrifices so much for.The Army is a profession first and foremost. The unique thing about the army is that it takes extra skills to be a professional. Not only do you have to know your job, be tactically proficient, but also continue the path of professional growth through civilian education or training to raise your knowledge in the world around you. It is the responsibility of every leader and soldier to strive for the total soldier concept. With all of the frequent and multiple deployments there have been assed stresses to the soldiers families and communities.Because of the war there are many who feel that the standards within the army have fallen from what they once wer e. But the question what has happened to this profession and what do we do to correct it. To achieve the total soldier concept, there has to be an understanding of what it is to be a real professional and fulfill the duties they raised their right hand and vowed to do. In order for the army to grow as a profession of arms and keep a positive light on it needs discipline, leadership, training and mentorship. All of these things play a role in the total soldier concept.As the army changes with the times no longer is the total soldier concept just learning your MOS being good at PT, and qualify with a weapon. Now if you dont strive to better yourself with education and schools you will not be able to progress with promotion and then you will have to get out the army. In order for the Army to grow as a profession of arms and keep it image positive, there are some key areas every soldier has to work on to achieve the total soldier concept. Discipline, leadership, training, mentorship mus t stay continuous in the work environment as well as off duty.Soldiers must also remain resilient when it comes to the mission and be able to adapt. Every soldier no matter what stage in there career should be working to better themselves in these key areas. Discipline is the building block for a soldier. Without it there would be no flow or organization within any unit echelon. Discipline is where the whole army seems to be falling short. General George S. Patton, Jr. stated Discipline is based on pride in the Profession of Arms, on meticulous attention to details, and on mutual respect and confidence.Discipline must be a habit so engrained that it is stronger than the excitement of battle or the fear of death. If the Army has discipline issues it will in turn have problems as a profession. Discipline has to be ingrained into the new soldiers from day one they join the army, but with all the changes the Army has taken a lot of the authority had been taken away from the instructors to help instill the necessary discipline levels needed in the army. The army is not a normal career. There may be doctors and layers within the ranks but they are all soldiers first.Soldiers are put in extreme situations that most career paths would not put you through. So it is imperative that the initial training is a through as it can be. Discipline doesnt stop at initial training in fact the more discipline is needed the longer a soldier is in the army. The military is expected to be tougher, stronger, quick to react, physically fit individuals. But it all starts from the beginning transition from civilian to soldier with the follow through training to be disciplined as a soldier moves forward in his or her career.As discipline is the building block for a soldier, a soldiers leadership are the tools used to achieve the building of the blocks. If a soldier doesnt have a good leader how can that soldier ever develop to his full potential? Leaders train mentor motivate and lead so ldiers on a daily basis. They need to be competent in not only there job but in soldiering as well. They need to be avid problem solvers and enginutive on how to accomplish the mission safely and in a timely manner. They should hold an atmosphere of authority around them and there subordinates should be able to trust and respect them.A lot of the newer leadership has not been around for a garrison army and may or may not be familiar with a lot of the cortices that the Army has strayed away from in the last decade due to the war. With all the constant deployments the main focus was on war time missions some of the total solder concept has been lost. As a result there are many Non-Commissioned Officers that are not as proficient as they should be. Being able to go to war isnt the only thing an NCO has to be able to be. Training and mentoring is a never ending process.There is always something new to learn. There is always someone around who can teach a soldier no matter what the rank on a soldiers chest might me. In this specific profession soldiers wont only be trained on their specific MOSs or combat skills but on moral and ethical issues as well to improve the soldiers understanding of how to perform the job asked of them and how to present themselves. Again unlike other professions when this uniform is dawned the soldiers stops representing his or her self but now represents the Army and the United States of America.The Army is slowing down on its deployments so the focus on training has shifted and there are many who need to pay attention and learn so they will continue to be a valuable to the military. The Army is as fluid as a fiver and the soldiers in it need to be as fluid as well. It should be the goal of every soldier to mentor those who are below them to help create a better army, and to find a roll model to mentor them so they can achieve the higher levels they are striving for.As a hole the Army has succeeded in accomplishing all of its missions an d tackled the obstacles it comes up against. So this is just one more obstacle to overcome. Making things less stressful and more relaxed will make things worse for solders in general. Discipline has to be enforced to keep control of the mission and to prepare the Army for any future missions it comes up against. Training how we fight and how to present ourselves is the responsibility of every soldier.A leader mentors a subordinate and a senior leader mentors the leader so on and so forth so that there is always an endless cycle of learning and bring the Army into a greater profession. The Army is a career many people will never try and those that do are asked to give more than most other professions, but the difference is the soldiers on this profession represent something much greater than their job. They represent America and as a profession every effort has to be taken to keep America from becoming something other then great.

Wealth As Determinant Of Health Health And Social Care Essay

There is a phenomenon in the unify States that illustrates how wealth is a cardinal determiner of health. Wealth affords those who attain it, certain societal benefits which complicate submission to high quality instruction, example, lodging, child c ar, recreational chances, nutrition, quality medical examination exam precaution, and safer and cleaner vicinities. In 1985, the U.S. subdivision of health and Human Services ( HHS ) constructed the Secretary s Task Force Report on unappeasable and Minority wellness. The ponder was more typical than old studies, comparing four minority groups in the United States every bit good as the White population. In add-on, A it utilised aA statisticalA presentation of A inordinate dec salves instead than the usual decease rates. This attack empha size of itd the fact that lives that were unconnected would non halt been lost had minority decease rates been the same as for the White population. These differences were subsequently co ined as health disparities. As a consequence of the deplumeful nature of this study and the demand forA integrating of wellness promotion/ complaint bar schemes into these populations, the Office of Minority Health was established within HHS.Since the origin of the Office of Minority Health research has shown that disparities exist in the population on the footing of some(prenominal) wellness position and wellness heed bringing. These disparities ar the consequence of assorted variables. The lexicon of Public Health defines wellness disparities as differing degrees of wellness indexs deal life anticipation, baby and perinatal mortality rates, that are observed among sections of a population, discernable in the size of the wellness spread between the highest and lowest section of the population, that often correlate with economic indexs, educational degree, employment and lodging conditions. There are differing theoriesA orA premises utiliseA to explicate why wellness dispa rities plague certain populations. What both of these theories lack is the causalA mechanism by whichA the disparities occur.The historical context of attending to wellness disparities began with W.E.B. Du Bois. The being of wellness disparities in America was foremost documented in 1906 by W.E.B. Du Bois. Fueled by the averment that Negroes were an inferior race, Du Bois lend oneselfd nose count and disease trainings from the late 1800s to document wide of the markspread disparities in bosom disease, infant deceases, parental deceases, TB, and pox. Based on these observations, Du Bois asserted that such wellness disparities had nil to make with lower status and were strongly associated with multiple factors such as poorness, wishing of instruction, and societal factors. AThe taking wellness disparities include accession to caution, quality of wellness or wellness position, cardiovascular disease, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, asthma, infant mortality, an d intellectual wellness. Quality of precaution in peculiar, has shown to bobby pin signifi depo gravel spreads among populations. As it relates to disparities in quality of management, the Agency for healthcare Research and Quality Quality wellness attention means making the honorable thing, at the right clip, in the right mood, for the right people-and holding the best feasible consequences. ( Q ) Quality wellness attention is effectual, safe, seasonably, unhurried centered, just, and efficient. In 1999, Congress commissioned the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) to look into wellness and wellness attention among racial/ethnic minorities. The consequences of the appraise conducted, entitled Unequal Treatment Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, exhibit that minorities had poorer wellness and were systematically acquiring lower-quality attention even when factors such as insurance position and income were nt snarly ( Smeadley, Stith, & A Nelson 2003 ) . Despite paces towards experimental extinction disparities, they still persist.Health attention disparities in quality of attention are found among some(prenominal) gradation populations. These populations include racial and cultural minorities, those of a certain socioeconomic position, occupants of sylvan countries, low-income groups, adult females, kids, the aged, and individuals with disablements. An copiousness of grounds demonstrates that as a consequence of several factors, a huge protrude of people in these mark population groups do non give up high quality wellness attention. perceive supplier favoritism has both direct and indirect effects on wellness attention use and wellness position. Surveies such as those conducted by Van Houtven et Al. and Blanchard and Lurie found that persons who perceived supplier favoritism signifi after parttly delayed wellness attention use ( 10, 15 ) . The biopsychosocial theoretical account explains how stereotyping or bias can br ing on emphasis in those who experience it and as a consequence claim a negative impact on wellness position. Patient- give upr miscommunication has several branchings such as medical mistakes, deficient medical attention, and even decease. This type of miscommunication is the consequence of cultural and linguistic communication barriers. Bettering lingual and cultural competence can be accomplished by increasing the proportion of underrepresented clinicians in wellness systems and in medical instruction. engineering lacks in health care seem to besides bring on lacks in quality of attention provided to umteen of persons in the mark population. Suppliers in boorish and destitute countries are holding troubles because they lack the wellness information engineering that their opposite numbers have in the urban and more flush countries. differential coefficient ingress to care can take to disparities in quality of wellness attention. Deriving entree to wellness attention is so an o f import requirement to obtaining quality wellness attention. Minorities and low-income groups are less likely to hold wellness insurance and are more likely to hold frequent insurance. Payment rates for Medicaid are significantly lower than for Medicare, hence, minorities having Medicaid or that are uninsured receive attention in different scenes than in private insured or Medicare patient. Evidence suggests that entree to a regular and usual beginning of attention can greatly cut down wellness disparities. Transportation barriers, distance to clinics, or a deficiency of knowledge about supplier locations have besides threatened entree to care.In 2003, the Agency for healthcare Research and Quality, as directed by the health care Research and Quality Act of 1999, presented Congress with the basic one-year National health care Disparities Report and the National Healthcare Quality Report. Among the many findings as it relates to healthcare and healthcare quality disparities, the studies found that inequality in quality exists. Key findings in the 2009 National Healthcare Quality Report found that attempts to cut down disparities have had an impact, nevertheless, disparities still exist. In the study, it was found an estimated exist $ 65-130 billion can be attributed to premature decease and lower wellness position among uninsured people. The study besides focuses on several scientifically supported nucleus quality measures that autumn into twain classs, both process steps or result steps. When compared to White persons Blacks received worse attention for 50 % and intermit attention for 15 % of nucleus steps Asians received worse attention for 30 % and break dance attention for 40 % of nucleus steps American Indians and Alaska Natives ( AI/autonomic nervous system ) received worse attention for 45 % and better attention for 25 % of nucleus steps Hispanics received worse attention for 70 % and better attention for 20 % of nucleus steps. ( Q )Associat ing to income disparities, hapless people received worse attention than high-income people for 75 % and better attention for 5 % of nucleus steps. ( Q ) When comparing the spread in disparities with findings from old old ages, 66 % of nucleus steps have non improved for Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics ensuing in a dead or increase spread. For inkinesss in peculiar, the spread seems to somewhat be shuting with an betterment in approximately 20 % of the disparities steps. For AI/ANs in that location is an betterment of approximately 40 % of disparities steps. However, when reexamining these findings, one may ask whether or non utilization patterns among these groups were taken into consideration besides.Extinguishing or cut downing healthcare disparities will necessitate statute impartiality and action. Health policies and enterprises are made on three degrees of authorities, federal, res publica, and community-based. An illustration of a large-scale federal-level form _or_ system of government is deform 2010. Reach 2010 is the CDC s attempt to extinguish racial and cultural disparities. The CDC has awarded grants to 40 community-based alliances countrywide to implement a community-based plans and culturally-appropriate interferences in the riddance of disparities. An illustration of a state-level policy is the Colorado Turning Point Initiative ( CTPI ) . The CTPI has set up informations aggregation plans to supply a standardised comparing of wellness indexs by race and ethnicity. Systems have besides been created to work towards its intended end of wellness disparities riddance. Such as the development of a responsibleness Office of Health Disparities and an betterment in linguistic communication aid for those who lacks English proficiency. An illustration of a community-based disparities enterprise is the Florida Community-Based Participatory Research ( CBPR ) Initiative in Reducing and Eliminating Health Disparities. This inaugural supports disease int ercession research in disparities utilizing community-based participatory research which is conducted by communities and research workers.There are several possible policy options for work outing the job of wellness attention disparities in quality of attention. As many persons in the mark populations are uninsured or underinsured, entree to wellness insurance by manner of policies such as the Healthcare Reform may hold a great impact on wellness disparities. For minorities and other mark groups, Healthcare Reform will take down costs for households, provide greater and more low-cost insurance picks, increase entree to care, advance primary attention, and command degenerative disease. Another possible option is the Institute of Medicine s Model of entree to wellness Services. A last possible policy option is acceptance of Health Information Technology ( stunner ) by manner of policies such as the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health ( HITECH ) ACT.The bes t-loved policy option for work outing the job of wellness attention disparities in quality of attention is wide acceptance of HIT. This option should particularly be implemented in destitute and rural countries. The policy s standard should include acceptance of wellness IT, quality wellness work provided, an impact on wellness disparities, coverage of quality informations, and governmental feasibleness. The degree of engineering is sufficient to implement this policy option. Presently, there are several types of wellness IT technologies, which includes electronic wellness records ( EHRs ) , E-health, electronic medical records ( EMRs ) , and computerized supplier regularise submission ( CPOE ) . Barriers to acceptance may show themselves in the signifier of cost/lack of capital to put among suppliers, unfitness to incorporate the HIT with current systems, offline clip, lost of productiveness or income during passage, preparation, and hardware/ computer software ascents.By impl ementing the HIT acceptance policy the spreads in quality of attention created by wellness disparities can be shined. roomy acceptance of HIT will greatly even out the industry for all suppliers. Those suppliers in rural or destitute countries, such as Community Health Centers ( CHCs ) , in peculiar will hold the greatest impact on wellness disparities. Given that CHCs sever about 14 per centum of the state s uninsured people, 11 per centum of Medicaid enrollees, and 10 per centum of minorities, puting in spread outing CHC s wellness IT capacity seems a valuable scheme to farther cut down wellness disparities for a significant figure of financially vulnerable patients ( Shields 2007 ) . An of import characteristic of Health IT such as EHRs is the clinical supplier support port wine that several systems contain. This characteristic provides recommendations on diagnostic and screening trials. This Fosters just intervention for diverse populations by extinguishing any possible ra cial or cultural prejudice form the wellness attention supplier that might impact clinical judgement ( Custodio 2009 ) . The system will to boot help in the decrease of medicine mistakes and inauspicious drug effects with its medicine faculty. This faculty can urge dose, interaction information of several drugs, and generic options.The interoperability of wellness IT technologies such as EHRs will greatly increase functionality and as a consequence, the quality of attention provided. As many in the mark populations may be uninsured, lack the cognition of available resources, may populate far from a individual entity supplier, are hesitating to seek medical attention until something is incorrect, and miss a medical place, they tend to use hospital exigency suites more frequently than needed for medical attention. Health It such as EHRs will let suppliers from assorted clinics or infirmaries, entree a patient s medical records, which will assist to cut down duplicate of services and medical mistakes. EHRs to boot, let for easier coverage of quality informations and public presentation monitoring. The information provided from the coverage will ease enterprises with a end of quality improvements. An electronic wellness record that includes certification of demographics, including race and ethnicity, hazard facto appraisals, and stop and chronic disease direction determination support, enables the clinician to pull off more efficaciously the complex wellness attention demands of our vulnerable populations ( Custodio 2009 ) . Health IT is a valuable tool in the attempt of battling wellness disparities.The political feasibleness associated with the wide acceptance of wellness IT involves several involvement groups or stakeholders. Government bureaus such as the Commission to End Healthcare Disparities ( The Commission ) have taken an active function in this counter and will interest in the result of this policy renewing. The Commission is a federal undertakin g crash focuses on quality, physician leading, and systems as a agency to extinguishing disparities. Community organisations besides play a critical function in the issue as they are the 1s that have direct contact with those in the mark population. This policy alteration will let them to come in the community and be a liason between suppliers and the mark population. The mark population groups have the most at interest when it comes to the policy alteration seeing that they are the 1 s straight affected by the disparities. Healthcare suppliers or health care organisations besides have a interest in the policy alteration since they will be buying the systems needed to implement the alteration. Employers and forethoughts such as insurance or wellness IT software/hardware companies will besides hold a interest in this policy alteration with both unexpectedly benefiting from the alteration. The stakeholders in support of the policy alteration include authorities bureaus, community o rganisations, mark population, and the HIT software/hardware companies. The group that would perchance oppose the alteration is the health care providers/healthcare organisations. Countrywide several little doctor groups that service the rural or impoverished countries have been loath to maintain HIT. Hospitals have besides been hesitant in their acceptance because of the associated barriers. This policy would be supported by Democrats. Recently the two such policies aimed at HIT writ of execution, the HITECH Act and the Healthcare Reform, have been passed under a democratic disposal.Economically, the execution of HIT comes with a brawny monetary value ticket. The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) conducted a survey sing EHRs execution and associated cost. The CBO found that the cost of execution for primary practician offices ranged between $ 25,000-50,000 per doctor. ( perot ) Additionally, one-year operating, licensing, and care costs ranged between $ 3,000-9,000 per doctor. Execution costs for infirmaries averaged $ 14,500 per bed with one-year operating costs of $ 2,700 per bed. ( Perot ) The HITECH Act was enacted as portion of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 with an purpose of exciting the acceptance of wellness IT and the meaningful recitation of HER systems. In the act, the authorities allocated $ 19 billion to set towards the execution of EHRs countrywide. The authorities will supply Medicare or Medicaid reimbursements and $ 44,000 discount as inducements to follow EHRs between 2011-2015. After 2015 any wellness attention organisations that have failed to follow a system and pattern their meaningful usage will confront punishments. As portion of the Healthcare Reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, contains several commissariats for acceptance of HIT and betterment in entree to care for the uninsured and underinsured. The overall jutting cost of the Healthcare Reform is $ 940 billion for the first decennary. T he unwashed to implement the recommended policy alteration will come from revenue enhancements and supplier capital.Equally long as the policy is implemented right, the benefits of the policy alteration will be every bit accessible among the mark population. Harmonizing to the HITECH Act, by 2015, all health care suppliers are expected to implement wellness IT. In order to guarantee successful execution a mechanism should be used to supervise whether disparities increase with the wide acceptance of EHRs or other wellness IT. Fraud nevertheless, may happen in the signifier of a security breach of the HIT system. Internal breaches of security continue to be the primary security concern identified by health care IM/IT executives ( book ) . There is besides the potency for gross misdirection or waste of ARRA financess.In order to implement this policy efficaciously, a strategic execution political program must be in topographic point. Collaboration among most if non all stakeholder s must take topographic point, peculiarly between suppliers, authorities, and community-based organisations. Diversity and competency within the health care system and its work force must be improved. A quality-based reimbursement system for authorities operated insurances should be in topographic point. A undertaking force should be created in order to promote suppliers in rural countries to follow EHRs and other HIT. Health disparities should be included in the quality steps reported by suppliers to CMS in order to be eligible for meaningful usage inducement payments. State degree schemes should include preparing or updating the province route map for HIT acceptance, set uping a province leading office, and set up chances for wellness IT preparation and instruction. Federal-level schemes occur in an ongoing three phase attempt. Stage one begins in 2011 and get dressed ores on electronically entering wellness information in coded format. Stages 2 and 3 will be occur between 2013-2 015 and expands on aims and steps, concentrating chiefly on the interoperability of HIT and it s associate betterments in public wellness.